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Analysis of the action of pesticide antibiotics
Agricultural antibiotics are classified as **biological pesticides** and play a significant role in modern crop protection. Common examples include streptomycin, jinggangmycin, endothelin, qingfengmycin, griseofulvin, cycloheximide, quercetin, and others. These antibiotics are widely used due to their high efficiency, strong selectivity, easy degradation, low residual toxicity, and safety for both humans and animals. They also have minimal environmental impact, making them an attractive alternative to synthetic chemicals.
Many countries now rely on antibiotics as a key strategy for managing plant diseases, pests, and weeds. In China, the application of antibiotics has seen remarkable progress in controlling diseases and pests in agriculture, forestry, and horticulture. For instance, when neomycin is applied at a concentration of 0.015%, it can completely eliminate leaf curlers within three days. Similarly, aphid mortality rates on various forest trees can reach between 85% and 98%.
The method of applying agricultural antibiotics varies depending on the type of plant disease. For soil-borne diseases, antibiotics can be used as soil disinfectants. When seeds or seedlings are infected, they can be soaked in antibiotic solutions—such as seed soaking, root soaking, or seedling soaking—or sprayed directly on the seedbed. For above-ground crops, foliar sprays are typically used at the right time. On fruit trees, antibiotics are often applied as ointments to control bacterial blight. The usual concentration ranges from 100 ppm, rarely exceeding 200 ppm except for fruit trees and ornamental plants.
To enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics, synergists and metal ions are often added during formulation. Synergists like glycerin help improve the absorption and distribution of the antibiotic. Glycerin, for example, is commonly included in commercial preparations. These polyhydroxy compounds have strong water-retention properties, which extend the duration of the antibiotic’s activity and improve its penetration into plant tissues. Metal ions, such as copper sulfate, can form complexes with antibiotics, significantly boosting their efficacy. Adding 1–2% copper sulfate to compound endothelin, for example, enhances the agent's retention in the plant and strengthens its disease resistance.
Several major agricultural antibiotics are widely used today. Jinggangmycin is effective against root rot in melons, with concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 ppm. It has a systemic effect and remains active for 20 to 35 days, with no phytotoxicity and low toxicity. Griseofulvin is used to control melon wilt by coating the stems with a 5–10% ointment, applied once a week for 3–5 times. For fruit rot, a 250 ppm spray is recommended before symptoms appear.
Gentamicin is commonly used to manage powdery mildew in wheat, melons, and flowers, with applications of 50–150 ppm. Actinomycin, also known as Nongkang 101, is effective against cherry leaf spot when sprayed at 0.5–2 ppm. However, it has a long-lasting effect in plants and may cause phytotoxicity if not used carefully. It is also toxic to humans and animals and can irritate skin and mucous membranes, so it should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides.
Streptomycin is used to control bacterial diseases in crops through a 50–100 ppm spray. According to the **China Pesticide Network**, a 50 ppm solution can effectively control bacterial soft rot. It can also be used to soak seeds for 30–60 minutes at 50–100 ppm to prevent bacterial infections. Overall, agricultural antibiotics offer a safe and effective means of protecting crops while minimizing environmental harm.