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Analysis of the action of pesticide antibiotics
Agricultural antibiotics fall under the category of **biological pesticides** and are widely used in modern agriculture to manage plant diseases, pests, and weeds. Commonly used antibiotics include streptomycin, jinggangmycin, polyoxin, qingfengmycin, griseofulvin, cycloheximide, quercetin, and others. These substances have become essential tools for farmers due to their high efficacy, strong selectivity, and minimal environmental impact.
One of the key advantages of agricultural antibiotics is their low residual toxicity, making them safe for humans, animals, and the environment. They break down easily in soil and water, reducing long-term pollution risks. Additionally, they are cost-effective and easy to apply, which has led to widespread adoption across many countries. In China, for instance, the use of antibiotics in controlling plant diseases and insect pests has seen significant progress in recent years.
For example, neomycin at a concentration of 0.015% can eliminate 100% of leaf curlers within three days, while aphids on forest trees can be controlled with up to an 85–98% mortality rate. The application method varies depending on the type of disease. For soil-borne diseases, antibiotics can be used as soil disinfectants. When dealing with seed or seedling infections, soaking seeds or roots in antibiotic solutions is effective. For above-ground crops, foliar sprays are commonly used, while fruit trees often benefit from ointment applications.
The concentration of antibiotics typically ranges between 100 ppm and 200 ppm, though higher concentrations may be used for specific crops like fruit trees. To enhance the effectiveness of these antibiotics, synergists such as glycerin are often added. Glycerin improves absorption by increasing the moisture content on plant surfaces and prolonging the active period of the antibiotic. Metal ions, such as copper sulfate, are also sometimes included to form complexes that boost efficacy. For example, adding 1–2% copper sulfate to compound polyoxin can improve its retention and disease resistance in plants.
Several major agricultural antibiotics are now widely used:
- **Jinggangmycin** is effective against root rot in melons. It can be applied at 20–100 ppm and offers a long-lasting effect (20–35 days) without causing phytotoxicity.
- **Griseofulvin** is used to control melon wilt. A 5–10% ointment can be applied to stems once a week for 3–5 treatments. For fruit rot, spraying with 250 ppm solution is recommended.
- **Gentamicin** is effective against powdery mildew in wheat, melons, and flowers, usually sprayed at 50–150 ppm.
- **Actinomycin**, also known as Nongkang 101, is used for cherry leaf spot. It is sprayed at 0.5–2 ppm but should be used carefully due to its potential for phytotoxicity and irritation to skin and mucous membranes.
- **Streptomycin** is commonly used to control bacterial diseases in crops. A 50–100 ppm spray is effective, and it can also be used to soak seeds for 30–60 minutes at 50–100 ppm.
These antibiotics continue to play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture, offering an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic chemicals. As research progresses, new formulations and application methods will likely further enhance their effectiveness and safety.