Flat head bolt process analysis and process

For the head-shaped bolt, it is essential to machine the screw diameter and thread before forming the head. If the head is formed first and then the rod is machined, it becomes difficult to secure the workpiece for subsequent operations, making the production process inconvenient. Therefore, a round steel bar with a working diameter of 25 mm is selected as the raw material blank. During hot forging, a large amount of material is used in the head section, and the initial deformation ratio is high, requiring two deformation steps to meet the production requirements. Thus, the process includes two hot piercing operations and one flattening step. The process flow is as follows: (1) The rough mold is placed in the upper die box of the universal friction press. The larger end of the pre-machined blank is heated in a high-frequency furnace (the non-processed end remains untouched), and then the rough head is thickened using a thickening stamp. (2) Reheating the material after the thickening process consumes energy and reduces material utilization. To address this, a cold rolling expansion precision forming process is now used, which simultaneously forms the inner and outer rings and the groove. This method can save approximately 30% of the material compared to traditional methods. Cold heading not only densifies the material but also refines the grain structure, aligns the metal flow lines with the ring shape, and significantly improves the bearing life and reliability. According to domestic users, the service life can be increased by more than 50%. Luoyang Guotou Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. has independently developed the D56G CNC precision cold heading ring machine based on the D5M model. On August 7, 2001, the Henan Provincial Economic and Trade Commission organized an appraisal meeting for the D56G70 CNC precision cold heading machine in Luoyang. Experts at the meeting recognized the machine's innovative design, advanced technical specifications, and high processing accuracy, stating that it is suitable for manufacturing ring parts such as bearing rings. The product reached the domestic leading level and was approved for small-scale production. Currently, the D56G series includes three models: D56G6O, D56G7O, and D56G14O. It uses PLC control and allows users to select the inner and outer diameters of the ring using dual gratings. Three types of cold-rolled blanks are prepared: cutting bearing steel bars, forging them with a hole, and then machining to the required size; cutting bearing steel pipes and finishing them to the cold blank size; or cold-drawing steel pipes, cutting them, roughing the ends, and cooling them. Using pipe materials allows for expanding large-diameter steel pipes into large outer diameter rings, significantly broadening the application range of steel pipes and increasing material utilization to over 70%. According to preliminary statistics, about 1 billion sets of bearings suitable for cold heading technology are used in China today, but only around 3 million sets (about 3%) use the cold heading process. This indicates a huge potential for development in the bearing industry. In contrast, foreign countries like Japan produce similar high-level products, with imported cold-rolling ring machines costing up to $25.3 million, while domestic models cost only 400,000 yuan. The cold heading ring machine is not only suitable for cold heading the inner and outer rings of bearings but also for cold expansion of ring parts in other industries, offering broad development prospects.

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