Pneumatic valve is a kind of valve controlled by air pressure, which is widely used in industrial automation control system. Its main applications include the following aspects:
1. Fluid control: pneumatic valve can be used to control the flow and direction of liquid or gas, such as controlling the flow in the pipeline, exhaust gas emission, etc.
2. Pressure control: pneumatic valve can be used to control the pressure of fluid, such as controlling the pressure of compressed air, regulating the pressure in the hydraulic system, etc.
3. Temperature control: pneumatic valve can be used to control the temperature of fluid, such as the temperature of heating or cooling system.
4. Automatic control: pneumatic valve can be linked with sensors, PLC and other equipment to realize automatic control, such as automatic production lines, robots, etc.
5. Safety control: pneumatic valve can be used for safety control, such as controlling emergency stop, preventing overload, etc.
In general, pneumatic valve plays an important role in industrial automation control system, which can improve production efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure safety.
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In membrane separation processes, solutes are carried to the membrane surface by the permeate flow. When the solute is not fully permeable through the membrane, it gets retained on the surface, leading to a higher concentration near the membrane. This phenomenon is known as concentration polarization.
As the concentration near the membrane surface increases, it raises the osmotic pressure difference across the membrane. This reduces the effective driving force, which in turn lowers the permeate flux. If the concentration of the solute exceeds its solubility limit, precipitation can occur, forming a gel-like layer on the membrane surface.
In cases where the feed solution contains particles, cells, or other solid components, a similar gel layer can also form. This specific type of concentration polarization, caused by the accumulation of solids, is referred to as gel polarization.
Gel polarization not only affects the efficiency of the separation process but can also lead to fouling and reduced membrane performance over time. Proper design, operational conditions, and cleaning strategies are essential to minimize these effects and maintain optimal membrane performance.
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Concentration polarization concept in membrane separation
Understanding Concentration Polarization in Membrane Separation