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Ningbo Institute of Materials and other institutions in the interface design of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells
Perovskite solar cells, renowned for their low production costs and high photoelectric conversion efficiency, represent a promising advancement in photovoltaic technology. Researchers are now focusing on enhancing their efficiency, stability, and scalability, particularly addressing issues related to interface energy level alignment and defect density. For the positive (nip) configuration, challenges arise from the energy level mismatch between the hole transport material spiro-OMeTAD and the perovskite, as well as surface defects introduced during fabrication. These factors contribute to significant non-radiative recombination losses, underscoring the importance of understanding the correlation between interface energy levels, defect density, and overall device performance.
In response, a team led by Dr. Ye Jichun at the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, has made significant strides in optimizing perovskite solar cell interfaces. Their work builds on the innovative concept of a 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction. This design revealed that a mere 0.2 eV difference in interface energy levels could enhance the device's resistance to defects by three orders of magnitude. This discovery illuminated the connection between electric field passivation and chemical passivation within perovskite solar cells.
Further investigation showed that by carefully selecting the halogen types in 2D perovskites, it’s possible to precisely adjust the interface energy level gap. The resulting 2D perovskite layers effectively passivate surface defects and suppress ion migration. Leveraging this insight, the team fabricated small-area solar cells achieving an efficiency of 25.32% (with certification at 25.04%) and larger-area modules (29 cm²) with similar efficiency. These devices exhibited remarkable steady-state output stability, retaining 90% of their initial efficiency over 2000 hours of continuous operation at peak power. This breakthrough offers valuable guidance for developing effective interface modification strategies and creating more efficient, stable, and scalable perovskite solar cells.
These findings were published in *Advanced Materials* under the title "Visualizing Interfacial Energy Offset and Defects in Efficient 2D/3D Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells and Module." Accompanying the publication are several figures that illustrate the quantitative relationships between interface energy offsets, defect density, and device performance. For instance, Figure 1 shows how precise control over interface energy levels can mitigate defect-induced losses. Figure 2 highlights the enhanced photoelectric properties of the 2D/3D heterojunction design, while Figure 3 demonstrates the impact of varying halogen ratios and types on device performance. Finally, Figure 4 presents the high-efficiency and long-term stable solar cells developed through this approach.
*Figure 1: Quantitative relationship between interface energy offset, defect density, and device performance.*
*Figure 2: Enhanced photoelectric properties of the 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction design.*
*Figure 3: Effects of halogen ratio and type in 2D perovskite on device performance.*
*Figure 4: High-efficiency and stable perovskite solar cell based on 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction design.*
This research not only advances our fundamental understanding of perovskite solar cells but also paves the way for practical applications in renewable energy. By fine-tuning the interface properties, scientists can push the boundaries of what these solar cells can achieve, bringing us closer to widespread adoption of this transformative technology.