General Concept Roughing Roughing is aimed at the rapid removal of the blank allowance. In roughing, a large feed and a maximum depth of cut should be used to remove as much of the chips as possible in a shorter period of time. Roughing requires less surface quality. The blunt standard of the tool is generally a significant increase in the cutting force, that is, the wear width VB of the subsequent flank is standard. Finishing The main consideration in finishing is the surface quality of the workpiece, not the amount of chips. A small depth of cut is usually used for finishing. The secondary cutting edge of the tool often has a special shape, such as a wiper. Depending on the machine tool used, the cutting method, the workpiece material and the tool used, the surface roughness can be reached at a level of Ra1.6 μm, and even under excellent conditions, Ra can be achieved at 0.4 μm. The amount of wear on the flank of the tool during finishing is no longer the main criterion, it will give way to the surface quality of the workpiece. Milling mode Climb milling Down milling Up-cut milling The cutting speed direction of the cutting point in the feed direction is consistent with the feedrate direction. Climb milling is a processing method often used to obtain good surface quality. It has the advantages of small flank wear and smooth running of the machine tool, and is suitable for processing high alloy steel under good cutting conditions. Instructions for use: It is not advisable to machine a workpiece with a hardened layer on the surface (such as a casting), because the blade must pass through the hardened surface of the workpiece from the outside, resulting in strong wear. If using ordinary machine tools, try to eliminate the gap of the feed mechanism. In the up-cut milling, the cutting speed direction of the cutting point is opposite to the feed speed in the feed direction. In view of this, there are some side effects, such as increased wear on the flank and reduced blade durability, surface hardening in processing high-alloy steel, and unsatisfactory surface quality, so it is not often used in processing. Instructions for use: The workpiece must be completely clamped, otherwise there is a danger of lifting the table.