Mechanical Engineering Technology Problems Affecting the Development of China's Manufacturing Industry

As the world enters an era of unprecedented innovation-intensive and industrial transformation, the harbinger of a revolutionary breakthrough in science and technology is becoming more apparent. The accelerated penetration of information technology into other fields and the development of deep applications will lead to a new round of information industry transformation characterized by intelligence, ubiquity and integration, leading the development of mechanical products to the direction of intelligence. The tremendous pressure of deep adjustment of the growth model will promote new environmental protection and energy-saving technologies, new energy technologies to accelerate breakthroughs and widespread application, and promote the green development of mechanical products. At the same time, major technological innovations will appear more in the interdisciplinary field, and the integration of various technologies will become more frequent, which will lead to new technological system changes, major discipline breakthroughs, and a new round of scientific and technological revolutions and industrial revolutions. It can be expected that in the next 5 to 20 years, these technologies will undergo major innovation breakthroughs, and it will likely lead to tremendous changes in mechanical engineering technology and promote the development of the machinery industry in the direction of green, intelligent and service.
The next 20 years is a key historical period in which China's manufacturing industry has become stronger and stronger, and it has established itself as a world leader. The China Mechanical Engineering Society has compiled the "China Mechanical Engineering Technology Roadmap", which not only proposes technical roadmaps in 11 fields, but also On this basis, it has condensed a number of major technical issues that can affect the development of the machinery industry and the development of the manufacturing industry.
1. Creative, modeling, and optimized design techniques for complex systems
Modeling, simulation, optimization and collaborative management are the core and key to the constant mechanical design technology. Complex electromechanical systems have complex hierarchies. The subsystems, subsystems and elements that make up a complex system are relatively independent and related. The superior system has properties and functions that are not available in the subordinate system. Complex electromechanical systems are often highly integrated with physics and information technology in many fields such as machine, electricity, liquid, and control. They are characterized by multiple levels, multiple objectives, multiple time and space, high dimensions, nonlinearity, uncertainty, and openness. With the integration of computing, communication, sensing, control and other technologies, complex electromechanical systems will further exhibit technical features such as intelligence, networking, composite, distributed and embedded.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the level of demand that complex electromechanical products have to satisfy has become more and more diverse. How to effectively integrate the cultural and emotional needs of users into the creative design of complex electromechanical products is a subject that people need to continue to explore. Countries such as Europe, Japan, South Korea and other countries have formulated design development plans and industrial cluster models that conform to regional culture and emotions. The United States has established Silicon Valley, represented by technology and Internet culture, and Europe has developed products that combine modern technology with traditional brand culture. The creative design technology integrating culture and emotion belongs to the new technology of multi-disciplinary integration. The key technologies include: creative cognition and collaborative design technology, emotional expression and evaluation technology, cultural brand, cultural composition and multicultural integration design technology.
Aerospace equipment, large-scale transportation vehicles, precision manufacturing and processing equipment, complete sets of material processing equipment, engineering machinery, micro-nano machinery, optoelectronic communication equipment are complex electromechanical systems, mastering complex electromechanical system creativity, modeling, simulation and optimization design Technology will definitely enhance the independent design capability of China's major equipment and the technological innovation capability of China's machinery industry.
In the 1990s, computer-aided design, computer-aided engineering, computer-aided manufacturing, and product data management (C3P: CAD/CAE/CAM/PDM) technology were popularized in the international industry, and related software became product modeling, simulation, and optimization. Missing tools. In the past 10 years, in order to meet the design requirements of complex electromechanical products, C3P has developed into M3P, namely multibody system dynamic design, multi-discplines colaberative design, multi-domain physical modeling based on constitutive fusion. (Multi-domain physical Modeling) and full lifecycle management (PLM) technologies form the next generation of technical features for today's computer-aided product modeling, simulation, optimization and management.
The complex technical system marked by information physical integration is actually a unity of computing process and physical process. It is a new generation intelligent system integrating computing, communication and control. Modelica, a multi-domain unified modeling language developed by European scholars, has a domain-independent general-purpose model description capability that enables seamless integration between subsystem models in different domains of complex systems. The field-oriented scholars led by the United States have proposed the Cyber-Physical System (CPS), which aims to realize unified modeling, simulation analysis and optimization of multi-domain devices such as computing, communication, measurement and physics under a unified framework. Based on Modelica 3.0, the International Multi-domain Physical Unified Modeling Association recently introduced Modelica3.3, a multi-domain physical expression specification, which aims to support networked, distributed, embedded system modeling and simulation. China has launched a follow-up research project entitled "Three-dimensional Functional Prototype Design Platform for Supporting Industrial Embedded Application Modeling and Simulation".
The development and popularization of CPS-based complex technology system modeling, simulation and optimization technologies will greatly accelerate the transformation and upgrading of equipment in the fields of automotive, aerospace, defense, industrial automation, precision instruments, and major infrastructure, and continuously improve its market competitiveness; It will spawn a number of functional innovations with computing, communication, control, synergy and autonomous performance, and even generate new industries.
2. Part precision forming technology
Part precision forming technology refers to the advanced manufacturing technology of parts or parts blanks with high geometrical accuracy and high intrinsic quality using advanced forming processes, strict geometrical dimensions (control) and intrinsic quality control (control) technology. The advanced nature of precision forming technology of parts is as follows: (1) Saving materials and energy: The material utilization rate is generally 20%-40% higher than the traditional forming process, and the precision forming of cold precision forging can increase the material utilization rate to over 98%. Precision casting forming technology can also reach more than 90%. Most of the precision plastic forming technology is implemented at room temperature, eliminating the heating process, saving heating energy and greatly reducing the energy consumption of the parts production process. (2) Exempt or reduce the subsequent processing of forming: the geometry and size of the net-formed parts have all met the requirements for the use of the parts, and can be used after forming, completely eliminating the subsequent processing; near-net forming products, the key parts have reached the requirements for use, No need for subsequent processing, generally can save more than 50% of processing time; precision-formed products, some of the dimensions have met the requirements of use, the remaining part has a small processing allowance, generally can reduce processing time by more than 30%. (3) Improve the intrinsic quality of the part: During the forming process, the application of external loads such as temperature, pressure, fluid field and electromagnetic field is also considered to achieve the corresponding performance of the final part. Therefore, the development of precision forming technology for parts is of great significance to the mechanical industry to save resources, energy and environment, and to achieve sustainable development.
Industrial developed countries attach great importance to the development of precision forming technology for parts. In the early 1990s, the United States proposed the "2 mm project" for automobile body production, that is, the cumulative error of all the covers of an automobile body after assembly is no more than 2 mm. Obviously, the error assigned to each workpiece is smaller. . The implementation of this project has brought the level of automobile body manufacturing to a new level. The United States has also proposed a new goal: by 2020, plastic forming parts processing waste will be reduced by 90%, energy consumption will be reduced by 25%, and cost will be reduced by 60%. Industrialized countries such as Japan and Germany have also set corresponding targets. Japan and Germany are countries with developed precision parts forming technology. The precision of cold-formed precision forming parts generally reaches 8 levels of precision. Small bearing rings and small bevel gears have reached 7-level precision, and cold-formed precision forming parts have accounted for 25% of die forgings. China's cold-temperature precision forming parts are lower than Germany and Japan, generally achieving 9-level accuracy, a small amount of 8-level precision, and precision forming parts only account for 5% of die forgings. Most of the precise formation of Germany and Japan is realized in the fully automatic production line, and the automatic production line in China is very rare. Incremental manufacturing technology (also known as rapid prototyping technology) developed abroad in the 1980s uses CAD data to directly drive materials to accumulate, accurately manufacturing prototypes or parts, and greatly improving the manufacturing efficiency of complex parts. Many foreign companies apply incremental manufacturing techniques to the manufacture of complex structures. General Electric Company uses metal-selective laser sintering technology to manufacture complex parts of aero-engines. Compared with traditional processing methods, incremental manufacturing technology can process complex parts and save materials, time and energy. Therefore, in aerospace There are advantages in the manufacture and maintenance of complex structural components for large ships.
Precision forming technology has broad application prospects in the manufacturing industries of automobiles, aerospace, large ships, etc. The development of advanced precision forming technology plays an important role in the production of large-volume products and multi-variety, small-batch, and complex parts. It greatly improves the manufacturing level of parts and saves resources and energy.

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